Birmingham, Alabama Birmingham, Alabama City of Birmingham From top left: Downtown from Red Mountain; Torii in the Birmingham Botanical Gardens; Alabama Theatre; Birmingham Museum of Art; City Hall; Downtown Financial Center.
From top left: Downtown from Red Mountain; Torii in the Birmingham Botanical Gardens; Alabama Theatre; Birmingham Museum of Art; City Hall; Downtown Financial Center.
Flag of Birmingham, Alabama Flag Official seal of Birmingham, Alabama Birmingham is positioned in Alabama Birmingham - Birmingham Named for Birmingham, England, United Kingdom Birmingham (/ b rm eh m/ bur-ming-ham) is the most crowded city in the U.S.
The city's populace was 212,237 in the 2010 United States Census. The Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Travel Destination had a populace of about 1,128,047 as stated to the 2010 Census, which is approximately one quarter of Alabama's population.
It was titled for Birmingham, England, one of the UK's primary industrial cities.
The Alabama town/city annexed lesser neighbors and advanced as an industrialized and barns transit center, based on mining, the new iron and steel industry, and barns ing.
Most of the initial settlers who established Birmingham were of English ancestry. The town/city was advanced as a place where cheap, non-unionized, and black labor from non-urban Alabama could be working in the city's steel mills and blast furnaces, giving it a competing advantage over unionized industrialized cities in the Midwest and Northeast. From its beginning through the end of the 1960s, Birmingham was a major industrial center of the southern United States.
Rails and barns cars were both produced in Birmingham.
The two major hubs of barns ing in the Deep South have been close-by Atlanta and Birmingham, since the 1860s.
Except for coal mining, the trade has declined in the Birmingham area.
Birmingham rates as one of the most meaningful company centers in the Southeastern United States and as one of the biggest banking centers in the nation.
In higher education, Birmingham has been the locale of the University of Alabama School of Medicine (formerly the Medical College of Alabama) and the University of Alabama School of Dentistry since 1947.
Since that time it has also attained the University of Alabama at Birmingham (founded about 1969), one of three chief campuses of the University of Alabama System.
In total, the Birmingham region has primary colleges of medicine, dentistry, optometry, physical therapy, pharmacy, law, engineering, and nursing.
The town/city has three of the state's five law schools: Cumberland School of Law, Birmingham School of Law, and Miles Law School.
Birmingham is also the command posts of the Southwestern Athletic Conference, and Southeastern Conference, one of the primary U.S.
See also: Timeline of Birmingham, Alabama Birmingham was established on June 1, 1871, by the Elyton Land Company, whose investors encompassed cotton planters, bankers and barns entrepreneurs.
Birmingham is the only place around the world where momentous amounts of all three minerals can be found in close proximity. From the start the new town/city was prepared as a center of industry.
And the city's founders, organized as the Elyton Land Company, titled it with respect to Birmingham, England, one of the world's premier industrialized cities, to accentuate that point.
In 1911, the town of Elyton, Alabama and a several other encircling towns were combined into Birmingham.
The Great Depression of the 1930s hit Birmingham especially hard, as the sources of capital fueling the city's expansion rapidly dried up at the same time farm laborers, removed from the land, made their way to the town/city in search of work.
New Deal programs put many town/city residents to work in WPA and CCC programs, and they made meaningful contributions to the city's transit framework and creative legacy, including such key improvements as Vulcan's fortress and the Oak Mountain State Park.
Even with the burgeoning population and richness of the city, Birmingham inhabitants were noteably underrepresented in the state legislature.
Representatives of non-urban counties also had excessive power in the state House of Representatives, and had floundered to furnish support for transit framework and other improvements in urban centers such as Birmingham, having little compassion for urban populations.
In the 1950s and '60s Birmingham attained national and global attention as a center of activeness during the Civil Rights Movement.
Whites unhappy with civil changes in the 1950s committed racially persuaded bombings of the homes of black families who moved into new neighborhoods or were politically active, earning Birmingham the nickname "Bombingham".
In the 1970s urban-renewal accomplishments concentrated around the evolution of the University of Alabama at Birmingham, which has turn into a primary medical and research and development office.
In 1971 Birmingham jubilated its centennial with a round of public-works improvements, including the upgrading of Vulcan Park and the assembly of a primary downtown meeting hall including a 2,500-seat symphony hall, theater, 19,000-seat arena, and exhibition halls.
Birmingham's banking establishments appreciateed considerable expansion as well, and new high-rise buildings were constructed in the town/city center for the first time since the 1920s.
Birmingham horizon at evening from up on the City Federal Building, July 1, 2015.
The populace inside Birmingham's town/city limits has declined over the past several decades, due in large part to "white flight" from the town/city to the encircling suburbs and loss of jobs following industrialized and barns revamping.
In 2006, the visitors agency chose "the diverse city" as a new tag line for the city. In 2011, the Highland Park neighborhood of Birmingham was titled as a 2011 America's Great Place by the American Planning Association. In January 2015, the International World Game Executive Committee chose Birmingham as the host for the 2021 World Games. Birmingham is situated in Jones Valley, bordered by long alongside mountain ridges (the tailing ends of the Appalachian foothills see Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians) running from north-east to south-west.
This is the setting for Birmingham's more well-to-do suburbs of Mountain Brook, Vestavia Hills, Homewood, and Hoover.
Ruffner Mountain, positioned due east of the heart of the city, is home to Ruffner Mountain Nature Center, one of the biggest urban nature reserves in the United States.
In 2007, the urbane region was made up of 7 counties, 102 cities, and 21 school districts. Since then Alabaster and Pelham have separated from the Shelby County School System to form their own school systems.
Main articles: List of tallest buildings in Birmingham, Alabama and List of neighborhoods in Birmingham, Alabama Birmingham is positioned on the heart of a Tornado Alley known as the Dixie Alley due to the high recurrence of tornadoes in Central Alabama.
The greater Birmingham region has been hit by two F5 tornadoes; one in Birmingham's northern suburbs in 1977, and second in the suburbs in 1998.
Climate data for Birmingham Int'l, Alabama (1981 2010 normals, extremes 1895 present) The Birmingham region is not apt to incessant earthquakes; its historical activeness level is 59% less than the US average. Earthquakes are generally minor and the Birmingham region can feel an earthquake from the Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone.
The magnitude 5.1 Irondale earthquake in 1916 caused damage in the Birmingham region and was felt in the neighboring states and as far as the Carolinas. The 2003 Alabama earthquake centered in northeastern Alabama (magnitude 4.6 4.9) was also felt in the rest of Alabama, as well as Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky, North Carolina, and South Carolina.
Map of ethnic distribution in Birmingham, 2010 U.S.
Paul's Cathedral in downtown Birmingham The Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies presented data showing that in 2010, among metro areas with a greater than one million population, Birmingham had the second highest ratio of Christians, and the greatest ratio of Protestant adherents, in the United States. The Southern Baptist Convention has 673 congregations and 336,000 members in the Birmingham Metro area.
The command posts of the Presbyterian Church in America had been in Birmingham until the early 1980s; the PCA has more than 30 congregations and almost 15,000 members in the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan region with megachurches like Briarwood Presbyterian Church.
The town/city is home to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Birmingham, covering 39 counties and comprising 75 churches and missions as well as seven Catholic high schools and nineteen elementary schools.
There are also two Eastern Catholic churches in the Birmingham area. Additionally, the Catholic tv network EWTN is headquartered in urbane Birmingham.
There is also a Unitarian Universalist church in the Birmingham area.
The chief campus of the Church of the Highlands is positioned in Birmingham.
For 2012 by CQ Press. The Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Travel Destination (MSA) was ranked as having the 35th highest crime rate in the U.S., out of 347 MSAs ranked in 2011 by CQ Press. The Birmingham metro region crime rate is in line with other southern MSAs such as Jacksonville, FL, and Charlotte, NC. U.S.
News & World Report ranked Birmingham as the third most dangerous town/city in the country for 2011 (only Atlanta and St.
From Birmingham's early days forward , the steel trade has always played a crucial part in the small-town economy.
Although the steel trade no longer has the same eminence it once held in Birmingham, steel manufacturing and refining continue to play a major part in the economy.
Steel, and Nucor, also have a primary existence in Birmingham.
In the 1970s and 1980s, Birmingham's economy was transformed by investments in bio-technology and medical research at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) and its adjoining hospital.
Birmingham is also a dominant banking center, serving as home to two primary banks: Regions Financial Corporation and BBVA Compass.
As of 2009, the finance & banking zone in Birmingham working 1,870 financial managers, 1,530 loan officers, 680 securities commodities and financial services revenue agents, 380 financial analysts, 310 financial examiners, 220 credit analysts, and 130 loan counselors. While Birmingham has seen primary change-ups with its banking industry, it was still the 9th biggest banking core in the United States by the amount of locally headquartered deposits in 2012. A 2014 study found that the town/city moved down a spot to the 10th biggest banking center. The telephone business that is now owned by AT&T Inc., which was formerly Bell - South and before that South Central Bell, which had its command posts in Birmingham, has a primary hub in Birmingham, supported by a high-rise building downtown as well as a several large working center buildings and a data center.
The insurance companies Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabama, Protective Life, Infinity Property & Casualty, Pro - Assurance, and Liberty National have their command posts in Birmingham, and these employ a large number of citizens in Greater Birmingham.
Birmingham is also a powerhouse of assembly and engineering companies, including BE&K, Brasfield & Gorrie, Robins & Morton, and B.L.
Two of the biggest soft-drink bottlers in the United States, each with more than $500 million in revenue per year, are positioned in Birmingham.
Birmingham has seen a substantial decrease in the number of Fortune 500 companies headquartered in the city, due to consolidation s, moves, and take-overs.
Birmingham also used to be home to more than 30 publicly interchanged companies, but in 2011 there were only 15. This number has increased since then, but not decidedly .
Some companies, like Zoe's Kitchen were established and directed in Birmingham, but moved their command posts before to going public, even after saying they would stay in their home state. Birmingham has been on a rebound, though, with the expansion of companies like Health - South, Infinity Property and Casualty Corp., Southern Company, and others.
The Birmingham urbane region has persistently been rated as one of America's best places to work and earn a living based on the area's competing full time pay rates and mostly low living costs.
A 2006 study by web site bizjournals.com figured Birmingham's "combined personal income" (the total of all cash earned by all inhabitants of an region annually) at $48.1 billion. Birmingham's revenue tax, which also applies fully to food, stands at 10 percent and is the highest tax rate of the nation's 100 biggest cities. In 2014, Birmingham's biggest enhance companies by market capitalization were Regions Bank (RF, $14.61 billion), Vulcan Materials (VMC, $8.45 billion), Energen (EGN, $6.47 billion), Protective Life (PL, $5.47 billion), and Health - South (HLS, $3.15 billion). All were listed on the New York Stock Exchange.
In 2015, Birmingham's biggest private companies by annual revenue and employees were O'Neal Industries ($2.66 billion; 550 employees), EBSCO Industries ($2.5 billion; 1,220 employees), Drummond Co, Inc.
Birmingham is the cultural and entertainment capital of Alabama with various art arcades in the region including the Birmingham Museum of Art, the biggest art exhibition in the Southeast.
Downtown Birmingham is presently experiencing a cultural and economic revival, with a several new autonomous shops and restaurants opening in the area.
Birmingham is also home to the state's primary ballet, opera and symphony orchestra companies such as the Alabama Ballet, Alabama Symphony Orchestra, Birmingham Ballet, Birmingham Concert Chorale, and Opera Birmingham.
The Alys Stephens Center for the Performing Arts is home to Alabama Symphony Orchestra and Opera Birmingham as well as a several series of concerts and lectures.
It is positioned on the ground of the University of Alabama at Birmingham.
The BJCC is home to the Birmingham Children's Theatre, one of the earliest and biggest children's theatres in the country, and hosts primary concert tours and sporting affairs.
Next to to the BJCC is the Sheraton Birmingham, the biggest hotel in the state.
A new Westin Hotel anchors the close-by Uptown entertainment precinct of downtown Birmingham, which opened in 2013. The historic Carver Theatre, home of the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame, offers concerts, plays, jazz classes (free to any resident of the state of Alabama) and many other affairs in the Historic 4th Avenue District, near the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute.
Birmingham Public Library, the downtown core of a 40-branch metro library system, presents programs for kids and grownups.
Oak Mountain Amphitheater is a large outside venue with two stages, positioned in the suburb of Pelham just south of Birmingham.
Birmingham Cross - Plex/Fair Park Arena, on the west side of town, hosts sporting affairs, small-town concerts and improve programs.
Sidewalk Moving Picture Festival, a celebration of new autonomous cinema in downtown Birmingham, was titled one of TIME magazines "Film Festivals for the Rest of Us" in their June 5, 2006 issue.
Wright Center Concert Hall, a 2,500-seat facility at Samford University is home to the Birmingham Ballet.
See also: List of music about Birmingham, Alabama Birmingham is home to a several exhibitions.
The biggest is the Birmingham Museum of Art, which is also the biggest municipal art exhibition in the Southeast.
The area's history exhibitions include Birmingham Civil Rights Institute, which homes a specified and emotionally charged anecdotal exhibit putting Birmingham's history into the situation of the Civil Rights Movement.
Other unique exhibitions include the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame; the Barber Vintage Motorsports Museum, which contains the biggest compilation of motorcycles in the world; the Iron & Steel Museum of Alabama at Tannehill Ironworks Historical State Park, near Mc - Calla; the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame; and the Talladega Superspeedway International Motorsports Hall of Fame exhibition.
Birmingham is home to various cultural celebrations showcasing music, films, and county-wide heritage.
Sidewalk Moving Picture Festival brings filmmakers from all over the world to Birmingham to have their films viewed and assessed.
Joe Minter's African Village in America is a half-acre visionary art surrounding near downtown Birmingham.
Birmingham Botanical Gardens is a 67-acre (270,000-square-metre) park displaying a wide range of plants in interpretive plant nurseries, including formal rose plant nurseries, tropical arboretums, and a large Japanese Garden.
Splash Adventure (formerly Vision - Land and Alabama Adventure) in Bessemer serves as the Birmingham area's water and infamous park, featuring various slides, and water-themed attractions.
Railroad Park opened in 2010 in downtown Birmingham's Railroad Reservation District.
Oak Mountain State Park is about 10 miles (16 km) south of Birmingham.
It is positioned in Southeast Birmingham off of U.S.
Main article: List of music about Birmingham, Alabama The folk song "Down in the Valley", also known as "Birmingham Jail", contains the lines, "Write me a letter, send it by mail; Send it in care of the Birmingham jail." The song "Sweet Home Alabama" by Lynyrd Skynyrd contains the line "in Birmingham they love the governor".
Birmingham is mentioned in "Playboy Mommy" by American singer-songwriter Tori Amos and in "Run, Baby, Run" by American singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow.
Main article: Sports in Birmingham, Alabama Birmingham has no primary experienced sport franchises.
The Birmingham region is home to the Birmingham Barons, the AA minor league partner of the Chicago White Sox, which plays at Regions Field in the Southside adjoining to Railroad Park.
The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB Blazers) has a prominent basketball program and football program, and Samford University, positioned in Homewood, has basketball and football teams.
The Birmingham region also hosts the Alabama Alliance basketball teams.
Birmingham was home to the Black Barons, a very prosperous Negro League baseball team.
The former pro football team in Birmingham, the Alabama Outlawz of the X-League Indoor Football closed in 2015.
Other squads encompassed the two-time champion WFL franchise, the Birmingham Americans/Birmingham Vulcans before the league folded.
Birmingham's Legion Field has hosted a several college football postseason bowl games, including the Dixie Bowl (1948 49), the Hall of Fame Classic (1977 85), the All-American Bowl (1986 90), the SEC Championship Game (1992 93), the SWAC Championship Game (1999 2012), the Magic City Classic (1946 present) and, presently, the Birmingham Bowl (formerly the BBVA Compass Bowl, 2006 present).
Motorsports are very prominent in the Birmingham region and athwart the state, and the region is home to various annual motorsport competitions.
The PGA Champions Tour has had a regular stop in the Birmingham region since 1992, with the beginning of the Bruno's Memorial Classic, later retitled the Regions Charity Classic.
Birmingham was also a home of experienced ice hockey teams.
The Birmingham Bulls were a experienced ice hockey team based in Birmingham.
The Bulls played their home games at the Birmingham Jefferson Convention Center.
In 1992, another Birmingham hockey charter was established that used the Bulls name, the Birmingham Bulls of the East Coast Hockey League.
Recreational fishing is prominent in the Birmingham area.
Over the last a several years,[which?] Birmingham has been home to various primary fishing tournaments, including the Bass Masters Classic.
Paralympic Training Facility is positioned in Birmingham and was a major recording locale for the 2005 documentary film Murderball, about wheelchair rugby players. Birmingham has a strong-mayor variant mayor-council form of government, led by a mayor and a nine-member town/city council.
See also: List of Mayors of Birmingham, Alabama and List of Birmingham neighborhoods The United States Postal Service operates postal services in Birmingham.
The chief postal service is positioned at 351 24th Street North in Downtown Birmingham. Birmingham is also the home of the Social Security Administration's Southeastern Program Service Center.
In addition, Birmingham is the home of a branch bank of the Atlanta Federal Reserve Bank.
The town/city is served by the Birmingham City Schools system.
It is run by the Birmingham Board of Education with a current active enrollment of 30,500 in 62 schools: seven high schools, 13 middle schools, 33 elementary schools, and nine kindergarten-eighth-grade major schools.
Birmingham Public Library administers 21 chapters throughout the town/city and is part of a wider fitness including another 19 suburban chapters in Jefferson County, serving the entire improve to furnish education and entertainment for all ages. The urbane area's three biggest school systems are the Jefferson County School System, Birmingham City Schools, and the Shelby County School System.
The Birmingham region is assumed to be the home of some of Alabama's best high schools, universities and universities.
In 2005, the Jefferson County International Baccalaureate School in Irondale, an easterly suburb of Birmingham, was rated as the No.
Other small-town schools that have been rated among America's best in various publications include Homewood High School, Vestavia Hills High School and the Alabama School of Fine Arts positioned downtown.
The metro region also has three highly regarded preliminary schools: Saint Rose Academy positioned in Birmingham proper the Altamont School, also positioned in Birmingham proper, and Indian Springs School in north Shelby County near Pelham.
Noteworthy establishments of college studies in greater Birmingham include the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Samford University (includes the Cumberland School of Law), Birmingham School of Law, Miles College, the autonomous Miles Law School, Jefferson State Community College, Birmingham-Southern College, University of Montevallo (in Shelby County), Lawson State Community College, and Virginia College in Birmingham, the biggest longterm position college based in Birmingham.
Birmingham is served by one primary newspaper, The Birmingham News (circulation 150,346), which changed from daily to thrice-weekly printed announcement on October 1, 2012.
The Birmingham News' Wednesday version features six sub county-wide sections titled East, Hoover, North, Shelby, South, and West that cover news stories from those areas.
The Birmingham Post-Herald, the city's second daily, presented its last copy in 2006.
Weld for Birmingham, Birmingham Weekly and Birmingham Free Press are Birmingham's no-charge alternative publications.
Birmingham is served by the town/city periodical of the Chamber of Commerce, Birmingham magazine.
The primary tv affiliates, most of which have their transmitters and studios positioned on Red Mountain in Birmingham, are WBRC 6 (Fox), WBIQ 10 (PBS), WVTM 13 (NBC), WTTO 21 (CW), WIAT 42 (CBS), WPXH 44 (ION), WBMA-LD 58/68.2 (ABC) and WABM 68 (My - Network - TV).
NOAA Weather Radio station KIH54 broadcasts Weather and Hazard knowledge for the Birmingham Metropolitan Area.
Major transmitting companies who own stations in the Birmingham market include IHeart - Media, Cox Radio, Cumulus Media, and Crawford Broadcasting.
Birmingham is home to EWTN (Eternal Word Television Network), the world's biggest Catholic media supply and biggest theological network of any kind transmitting to about 150 million homes worldwide, as of 2009. Before the first structure was assembled in Birmingham, the plan of the town/city was laid out over a total of 1,160 acres (4.7 km2) by the administrators of the Elyton Land Co.
In the early 20th century experienced planners helped lay out many of the new industrialized settlements and business suburbs in the Birmingham District, including Corey (now Fairfield) which was advanced for the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company (subsequently purchased by U.S.
Although small-town popular votes pointed out different feelings about annexation, the Alabama council enacted an expansion of Birmingham's city-limits that became effective on January 1, 1910.
The Robert Jemison Company advanced many residentiary neighborhoods to the south and west of Birmingham which are still famous for their beautiful character.
Birmingham officials have allowed a City Center Master Plan advanced by Urban Design Associates of Pittsburgh, which promotes firmly for more residentiary evolution in the downtown area.
Along with Ruffner Mountain Park and Red Mountain Park, Birmingham rates first in the United States for enhance green space per resident.
Interstate 59 (co-signed with Interstate 20) approaching Interstate 65 in downtown Birmingham Beginning in downtown Birmingham is the "Elton B.
Interstate 22 is on the brink of culmination between Birmingham and Memphis, Tennessee, lacking only the final three to four miles (4.8 to 6.4 kilometres) that will connect it with I-65 just north of the Birmingham town/city limits.
In the region of urbane enhance transportation, Birmingham is served by the Birmingham-Jefferson County Transit Authority (BJCTA) bus, street car, and paratransit system, which from 1985 until 2008 was branded the Metro Area Express (MAX).
Birmingham is served by three primary barns freight lines: the Norfolk Southern Company, CSX Transportation, and the BNSF Railway, together with lesser county-wide barns s, the Alabama Warrior Railway and the Birmingham Southern Railroad.
The water for Birmingham and the intermediate urbanized region is served by the Birmingham Water Works Board (BWWB).
Jefferson County Environmental Services serves the Birmingham metro region with sanitary sewage service.
Cable tv service is provided by Bright House Networks inside the metros/cities of Birmingham and Irondale, and Charter Communications in the rest of metro area.
Main article: List of citizens from Birmingham, Alabama Birmingham's Sister Cities program is overseen by the Birmingham Sister Cities Commission. Official records for Birmingham kept April 1895 to December 1929 at the Weather Bureau Office and at Birmingham Int'l since January 1930.
The Most Segregated City in America: City Planning and Civil Rights in Birmingham, 1920 1980, p.
The Valley and the Hills: An Illustrated History of Birmingham & Jefferson County.
"Birmingham (city), Alabama".
"Birmingham wins! d "Station Name: AL BIRMINGHAM AP".
"July Daily Averages for Birmingham, AL (35209)".
"February Daily Averages for Birmingham, AL (35209)".
"Average Weather for Birmingham, AL Temperature and Precipitation".
"Birmingham, Alabama (Look for "earthquake activity")".
"Birmingham city, Alabama: Selected Economic Characteristics: 2007 2011".
FBI statistics suggest the need for new crime-fighting strategies and technologies for Birmingham.
The Birmingham News via AL.com, January 10, 2008.
"List of Birmingham homicides in 2015".
"Birmingham, Hoover Career, Salary & Employment Info".
"Birmingham still among top 10 banking hubs".
"Growth of Regions, BBVA Compass and the rest keep Birmingham among top banking hubs Birmingham Business Journal".
"Birmingham is wealthy enough for pro sports team, study shows".
The Birmingham News on al.com.
"Ranking Alabama's biggest enhance companies Birmingham Business Journal".
"The Birmingham 25: Meet the Magic City's biggest private companies".
"Work kicks up at Westin Hotel CBS 42 Birmingham, AL News Weather Sports".
"Arts, Sports, Culture & Entertainment: Things to Do in Birmingham, Alabama".
"Black - Hawk Postmarked Birmingham Listen, watch, download and discover music for no-charge at".
The Birmingham News.
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The Birmingham News.
Thomson, Ken (1988) "Birmingham Participation Archived May 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.".
"Birmingham Public Library".
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See also: Bibliography of the history of Birmingham, Alabama There's Hope for the World: The Memoir of Birmingham, Alabama's First African American Mayor, University of Alabama Press, 2008.
Landscape of Transformations: Architecture and Birmingham, Alabama.
University of Tennessee Press, 2010; examines Birmingham's architecture and society in the city's rise as an industrialized center.
Birmingham, Alabama History of Railroads and Industries in Birmingham Birmingham article, Encyclopedia of Alabama
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